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";s:4:"text";s:23148:"Should representatives be typical of their constituents? A primary characteristic of a good formalism for knowledge representation is that it makes relevant properties explicit. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds.). Any type of essay. In this model of representation, the people only elect the delegate to represent their constituencies in the parliament. Gives you the time and ability to focus on higher-level tasks 2. Updated December 14, 2018. establishing guidelines, policies, and rules described as decision statements and control structures as a basis to guide business decisions, and used to direct human and automated decision making and control financial transactions. Part of Springer Nature. However, if we need to derive connectivity, angle, distance or shape information, then a more complex image representation, such as one corresponding to the illustration in Fig. Visual knowledge in this model is structured as multilevel hierarchies consisting of imaginal (two-dimensional pixel arrays) and symbolic (shape primitives) descriptions of the image configuration. Forms coalition government: PR forms a coalition government … This is nowhere more apparent than in the debate over affirmative action and, ) have suggested that diagrammatic representations allow for the explicit representation and direct retrieval of depictive information that is only implicit in the more traditional, Image-Based Computational Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, ]. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. The Designer’s Perspective (Row 3)—the engineer, the architect, the intermediary between what is desirable (Row 2) and what is physically and technically possible (Row 4). Similar to Kosslyn's computational theory (1980), Funt uses two-dimensional arrays to depict visual images. How many times have you heard majority rules? Martí, J. L. (2006). One area of Kajabi that requires improvement is on certificate-making. Get help with writing. The Two Sides of … content. Growth Trends for Related Jobs. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. This is nowhere more apparent than in the debate over affirmative action and descriptive representation in the public workforce. The axial anatomic images were also taken at 1 mm intervals, with a resolution of 2048 pixels by 1216 pixels. The data set for the female cadaver includes axial anatomic images at 0.33-mm intervals and axial CT data at 1-mm intervals. 1(b) or (c), may be more appropriate. Certificates Kajabi Pros And Cons. While there is a broad debate in the literature on whether descriptive representation improves substantive representation, other benefits that descriptive representation may bring about have received considerable less attention. from two strikingly different sides. Custom Home, Double-Ending, Home Builder, Multiple Representation, Real Estate, Selling, Toronto Real Estate. The Builder’s Perspective (Row 4)—the manufacturing engineer, the general contractor, the employer of some technical capacity for producing the end product. Category: Entertainment; Subcategory: Cartoons; Topic: Lorax; Page: 1; Words: 539; Published: 12 March 2019; Downloads: 67; Download Print. In a democracy, you want a voice in government, but if your party loses the election, you may feel like your interests won't be represented. Also, the rendering speed achievable with this type of model is too slow to allow real-time display and manipulation. In S. Besson & J. S. Martí (Eds.). Public administrators face the dilemma of resolving this value conflict as they seek to manage their agencies, posing clear political choices. However, if even one person lets the ball drop, these benefits can quickly turn to huge disadvantages. It is primarily when we ask how to … Share It. In the context of artificial intelligence, imagery can be considered as the ability to manipulate representations for the purpose of retrieving visual and spatial information that was implicitly, rather than explicitly, encoded in long-term memory. The old rule of K.I.S.S comes into play too; the simpler explanation is often preferred over the most complex one. used for operations such as buildings and facilities, machines, and energy supply and transportation systems, described as assets used to enable business operations. Marr (1982) has proposed three levels of analysis that are necessary to understand vision: computational theory, algorithmic and hardware (see Marr, David (1945–80)). Quotas An increasing number of countries are currently introducing various types of gender quotas for public elections: In fact, half of the countries of the world today use some type of electoral quota for their parliament. Hayes (1974) discusses the notion of direct representations in which there exist similarities between what is being represented and the medium of the representation. Historically, the discipline of Enterprise Architecture concentrated on shaping complex IT and technology architectures in alignment with business requirements. Often these may be in conflict with one another. The use of multiple viewpoints enables those initiatives to address specific stakeholders individually and to deliver insights relating to their particular concerns. The institutional basis of democratic accountability. One of the major challenges in providing quality representation comes from the desire to balance the will of the majority with the needs of political minorities. In this work, orientations in two-dimensional space are defined by the relation between a vector and a point. 1). It is a model of representative. As such, the representative acts as the trustee of the people in all their matters at both the local and national … 1. Given the slow speed by which the number of This research design differs from others research designs because it does not answer the “how”, “when”, and “why” questions but rather the "what" questions. Pssst… we can write an original essay just for you. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research. It has emerged to deal with the complexity of structural decisions involved in creating stable and durable buildings serving a wide range of purposes. Examples of such a view include models of the business processes, models on technology usage, or models illustrating information flows and critical paths. The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. Secondly, descriptive research may collect the data from large geographical area. Tom Graves, Enterprise Architect and Principal, Tetradian Consulting. The affirmative action controversy. In a vivid form of knowledge, there is also a one-to-one correspondence between symbols and objects in the world, and for every simple relationship of interest in the world there exists corresponding connections among symbols in the knowledge base. Martin, J. R. (1994). Descriptive representation, on the other hand, is generally seen as independent of policy actions. Proportional Representation (PR) is an electoral system in which parties gain seats in direct proportion to the number of votes they receive. The solid models can be imported into commercial engineering animation software (VisLab, EAI, Ames, IA) to assign colors and textures to the models and to animate musculoskeletal motion (Fig. It translates business vision into execution by understanding how an enterprise works, modeling its potential future, and informing management and governance to drive decision making. When two-dimensional picture elements (pixels) are stacked in the third dimension, they become volume elements, referred to as voxels. Any person in touch with an enterprise is both a user of its architecture and a contributor to it. Print . The most widely used common domain musculoskeletal image data is available through the National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project. This computational distinction is analogous to the distinction between visual and spatial models proposed in cognitive studies of imagery. A thesis of much work in computational imagery is that some of the processes involved are facilitated by depictive knowledge representation schemes that incorporate inferencing techniques based on direct inspection and transformation of the representation. Different perspectives are being represented over the process of engineering and manufacturing complex products. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. We’ll … “Vector-based” solid models use the voxel image data to generate a, International Journal of Medical Informatics, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. While the website allows creators to give out certificates … Descriptive representation constitute a segment of politicians who represent the larger population from which they come. A 3D distribution of nodes provides vertices for a mesh of polygons that define the shape of each structure. Share on Facebook. REST vs. REST-Like APIs According to Zdenek Nemec, author of the API Blueprint description language, the key difference between REST and REST-like APIs is that the latter does not fulfill a defining constraint of … For other industries, it might be physical facilities, financial resources, or other structures that turn out to be particularly relevant. Category: Life, Traveling; Subcategory: Personal finance; Topic: Heritage, Tourism; Page: 1; Words: 409; Published: 02 April 2020; Downloads: 35; Download. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). Towards a European union gender equality index. Prices continue to rise, even as the government scrambles to try to slow … The Pros And Cons Of Hypothesis. Cite as. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Similarly, if descriptive representation tends to occur in certain types of districts, it might be the e ects of those districts { and not descriptive representation { that is generating symbolic representation (see Grose 2011). Swift, A. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. But sometimes that can be frustrating. Any subject. Also, the rendering speed achievable with this type of model is too slow to allow real-time display and manipulation. Three-dimensional models of cadaver specimens allow parallel image-based modeling and experimental testing of the musculoskeletal system. They take concrete form in physical and virtual spaces, in personal conversations, phone calls, or web-based transactions, enabling people to interact with the enterprise. Whereas visual reasoning is concerned with what an image looks like, spatial reasoning depends more on where an object is located relative to other objects in a diagram or a scene. The principal perspectives are easily identifiable including: The Owner’s Perspective (Row 2)33—the recipient (customer, user) of the end product (e.g., airplane, house, enterprise, etc.). Let’s look at the pros and cons of using this electoral system. Traditional approaches to knowledge representation and reasoning were developed primarily for linguistic or sentential reasoning, whereas computational imagery is concerned with emulating the problem solving abilities associated with mental imagery. Phillips, A. Applying the architecture aspect helps to explain how a design depends on the structure of the enterprise, and how it implements architectural decisions and principles to form a part of the same structure. 4. Social representation. Gender representation and quotas. Note that the representations generated to retrieve image information may correspond to real physical scenes or abstract concepts that are manipulated in ways similar to visual forms. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. Empirically, there are two identifiable additional perspectives which include: A Scope Perspective (Row 1)34—the context that establishes the universe of discourse, the inner and outer limits, the list of relevant constituents that must be accounted for in the descriptive representations (models) for the remaining perspectives. Email . The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. level suggests that descriptive representation can favorably affect attitudes towards public officials and institutions, with broad implications for the political dynamics within American cities. Stacking the slices creates three-dimensional (3D) models from the 2D images. The amount of effort and investment spent in designing, implementing, and optimizing a specific aspect of architecture therefore varies from case to case, and is dependent on the business model that applies. In J. Klausen & C. Maier (Eds.). Proportional representation (PR)is a… (2005). In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. (2004). Today, business leaders find themselves in a similar situation when planning and crafting their businesses, making decisions steering their development. The representation of women in Australia: Meaning and make-believe. Three-dimensional graphical models of living subjects are created for preoperative planning and performance assessment. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. That is, not only do the design artifacts depict the necessary engineering information, but they depict it in such a fashion that it is intelligible to the perspective (audience) for which they were created. Imagery-based reasoning is carried out using primitive and high-level processes that construct, transform, and inspect visual or spatial representations. ogy. Digitization of the sequential slices to outline the anatomical structures of interest is usually performed using a commercial image analysis program, such as ANALYZE (Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN). The techniques used to create 3D models from image data are identical for generic and specific models. Not logged in For enterprises, these are the product specifications relating the technology constraints of row 4 to the vendor products in which the technology constraints are materialized. Currently in Britain we don’t have PR, and instead have a “first past the post” system: by which a party wins an election by achieving a simple majority. Public employment has long been a prize over which ethnic and racial groups have contended, for work in government has provided not only a measure of economic security but also advancement. 23 in-depth Yellowfin reviews and ratings of pros/cons, pricing, features and more. The need to respond to the political demands of groups underrepresented in public jobs may be seen as clashing at times with the exercise of strict merit standards. In consequence, people themselves cannot be seen as assets to be incorporated in an architectural description, only the enterprise's relationship to them. Mansbridge, J. Mark von Rosing, ... Henrik von Scheel, in The Complete Business Process Handbook, 2015. Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. pp 87-110 | This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Business strategy and policies must form the foundation of the architectural principles used to inform the creation of those structures. Mansbridge, J. The out-of-context artifacts are employed in this media transformation between the media of the design and the media of the end product. From class actions to Miss Saigon. Creating specific graphic models of anatomical structures requires the time and expense of obtaining CT and/or MRI data. Larkin and Simon (1987) have suggested that diagrammatic representations allow for the explicit representation and direct retrieval of depictive information that is only implicit in the more traditional descriptive representations. While Alexander Hamilton pursued the betterment of society, indicated by his investment and envision of a pro-industry economy, Thomas Jefferson cared for individuals more than the country as a whole, revealed by his vision of a more agrarian economy. In Y. Galligan (Ed.). Pros and Cons of Deforestation. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. For example, in the molecular domain it is possible to represent a structure in several different ways; our choice of representation depends on the questions we wish to ask. (1999). Today's practitioners expand their scope to address all structures that constitute an enterprise and make it work. (Eds.). Minow, M. (1991). Young, I. M. (1994). FIGURE 1. In a proportional representation system, if the party wins 50% of the vote over 12 districts, then 6 seats would be awarded to them from the election results. Custom Home Builder. Habel et al. Lindsay (1988) suggests that depictive representations possess properties that help avoid ‘the combinatorial explosion of correct but trivial inferences that must be explicitly represented in a prepositional system.’ Sloman's (1985) definition of analogical representations states that a representation is depictive if there is a correspondence between the structure of the representation and the structure of the image being denoted. (2012). Compare Salesforce Einstein Analytics to alternative Business Intelligence (BI) Tools. Instead of being approached as a pure background process, Enterprise Architecture initiatives need to be aware of this role and design architectures that deliver real value to people in accessible systems. The outcomes of Enterprise Architecture initiatives are maps of all kinds of systems in the enterprise and their relationships, along with goal-directed analysis, optimization, and restructuring to make the enterprise more efficient, robust, and integrated. Holst, C. (2014). What happens here is that a group of people elects a representative … On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. to execute operations, create products and services, collaborate with external partners, implement business functions, and take care of exceptions and emergencies, described as linked steps of business processes and used to manage activities. P. Eisinger, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as having experienced discrimination … Pros and Cons of Schumpeter’s Theory: ... Schumpeter’s circular flow is a less prescribed representation of Walras’ general equilibrium theory. Christiano, T. (2012). illustrating the use and flow of information in the enterprise, including consolidated data models on entities and their relationships, metadata and quality management, reporting and analytics. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. Tweet on Twitter. Instead, descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. Voxel-based models require large amounts of storage space and core memory. It only takes a few clicks to insert, alter, and align images to create a needed visual representation. When two-dimensional picture elements (pixels) are stacked in the third dimension, they become volume elements, referred to as voxels. A technique for qualitative spatial reasoning, based on the directional orientation information made available through perceptual processes, has been presented by Freksa and Zimmermann (1993). … It allows you to collect data in a natural environment that gives high-quality and honest data collection. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. Pssst… we can write an original essay just for you. America was built on majority rule, and when we have elections, we know that whoever wins the most votes wins the whole election. Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. Computational imagery generally involves tools and techniques for visual and spatial reasoning, where depictive image representations are generated or recalled from longterm memory and then transformed, scanned, associated with similar forms (constructing spatial analogies), pattern matched, composed, and so on. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Wängnerud, L. (2009). 2. Mansbridge, J. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. As early as 1968, the Kerner Commission identified the lack of … These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner(s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. 1992 also saw the rise of an increased participation of women in … For example, in physical products, like airplanes, the medium of the design is typically paper and ink (or more recently, electronic). Descriptive representation is concerned only with … A contingent ‘yes’. The resulting architecture is the foundation of every single step the enterprise takes, from sending a receipt to a customer to a merger with another organization. In B. Grofman et al. Liza Hollis. Some interactivity generally is required to select the initial seed points and the gray-scale threshold level that the software uses to outline each structure. 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