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";s:4:"text";s:12318:"Do not let these side affects go untreated by your veterinarian. This can also obscure normal pulmonary sounds. If you decide to add a new rabbit, she should be quarantined for at least 90 days and be examined by a veterinarian at the beginning and end of quarantine. Rabbits develop little effective immunity after infection. Radiographs can also distinguish between pneumonia and other causes of labored breathing like heart disease and cancer. Long term therapy follows that for a dog, cat, or ferret and would ideally be based upon results of echocardiographic studies. Routine blood testing in affected patients may not show any abnormalities, even with abscessation. Follow-up can be critical, especially if your bunny does not improve quickly. The upper respiratory tract involves the head, sinuses, the nasal passages and the ear canal. Key Points. They often have a similar condition in the eyes causing conjunctivitis and may have pneumonia as well. Rabbits are notorious for hiding their pain, so knowing your rabbits well is important in spotting disease. For a more detailed study, computed tomography (CT) scanning can be performed. Alert your veterinarian if you are experiencing problems with the treatments. Nebulizing with sterile saline and antibiotics can be done by most owners at home using a store-bought nebulizer (PulmoAide®, Devilbiss Health Care, Somerset PA). Signs are lethargy, rough coat, greenish brown fecal material covering the perineal area, and death within 48 hr. Open-mouth breathing in a rabbit is a very poor prognostic sign and is most often seen in the agonal patient. In rabbits, respiratory diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Because pasteurella can spread hematogenously, rabbits with respiratory disease can subsequently develop pneumonia, lung abscesses, and infection essentially anywhere in the body. Once blocked, there is no way for the normally produced tears to drain from the eye. Good choices for topical therapy include gentamicin, ciprofloxacin opthalmic drops (Ciloxan®, Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth), chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. The primary manifestations are upper respiratory disease … An elevated heterophil count and lymphopenia may be the only CBC abnormality and may be difficult to differentiate from a "stress leukogram". An effective vaccine has not been developed. should be avoided regardless of sensitivity results. objects that cannot be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected and do not replace them until treatment is completed. With Pasteurella, infections can be life-long and treatment may be for control and not elimination of the organism. Make sure your veterinarian is familiar with treating rabbits. Eye ointment or drops are used in cases that have eye discharge. Diagnosis of upper respiratory tract disease in rabbits is based on clinical signs and physical examination initially, followed by laboratory testing and diagnostic imaging. Rabbit urine is particularly irritating and in poorly ventilated areas may be a problem. Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, New YorkWest Hills Animal Hospital, Huntington, New York, Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001, Heidi Hoefer, DVM, Diplomate ABVP - Exotics. Since respiratory infections in rabbits can be very contagious, you would not want the new rabbit infecting your other rabbits or pets. Oral penicillin, amoxicillin, the cefa drugs and the "mycin" family (clindamycin or erythromycin e.g.) Keeping your rabbits healthy is a crucial aspect of raising rabbits. There are two components to the respiratory tract and both of these can be affected: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. Deep nasal cuture is performed by placing a small-tipped sterile culture swab (Mini-tip culturette®) 2-4 cm. Antibiotics with a known sensitivity towards Pasteurella include the quinolones (enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin), chloramphenicol, the aminoglycosides, penicillin G (parenteral only), and trimethoprim-sulfa drugs. Dilated cardiomyopathies have been seen and can produce pulmonary edema and pleural effusion. Bacterial infections account for the majority of bronchopneumonias in rabbits and once again, Pasteurella multocida tops the list of pathogens. Infection with the Pasteurella multocida bacterium can result in a severe respiratory illness, generally characterized by nose infections, sinusitis, ear infections, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and generalized infection of the blood, among other things. Other pathogens like Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia, and viruses in general, are not considered significant. These drugs should not be given to any rabbit. Tooth root evaluation can also be made from a series of skull films. Disease of the upper airways, specifically chronic rhinitis, is common in pet rabbits, and is particularly debilitating in this obligate nasal breathing species. Antihistamines and steroids don't usually work and are not often used to treat respiratory diseases in rabbits. There is no way to completely prevent your rabbit from being exposed to Pasteurella or Bordetella. But some "normal" rabbits can have antibodies and some infected rabbits may not have developed antibodies at all. Mortality rates generally range from 70 to 100 percent. Diarrhea can be very serious in a rabbit. The key is to watch for signs of the disease and visit your veterinarian if any of the signs are present. Therapy should be for a minimum of 14 days and in some cases, 2-3 months is indicated. Once the rabbit is showing symptoms, the disease will run it's course which can be mild or severe. Lower respiratory involvement usually means pneumonia (lung infection). Pasteurellosis in rabbits is most commonly caused by the bacteria Pasteurella multocida. Avoid the use of steroids. This article is written to provide differential diagnostic help for the practitioner who suspects respiratory disease in rodents or rabbits. Prevention. Steroids must be used with great caution in rabbits because they can suppress the immune response. In hospital situations, rabbits must not be placed near dogs, or loud noises, and all rabbit cases should be discharged for home care as soon as it is medically safe to do so. In its respiratory form, it is often known as ‘snuffles’, as the rabbits have a milky nasal discharge which hinders nose breathing. Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China. The authors are laboratory animal veterinarians who work with rodents and rabbits on a herd health basis but also have considerable experience dealing with individual mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, and rabbits. Respiratory disease affects rabbits of all ages and results in sneezing, eye discharge (conjunctivitis), and labored breathing. RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN RABBITS. This includes wild and domesticated European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), from … Accurate diagnosis and treatment of pasteurellosis is important to reduce spread of this bacterium,... Home Care and Prevention. Some viral strains also affect hares and cottontail rabbits. Thoroughly clean and disinfect enclosures, food bowls, water containers and non-porous toys. Because rabbits are "obligate nasal breathers" (can only breathe in through the nose), sinus infection can lead to labored breathing and "snorting" during respiration. Inner ear infections can develop and result in a head tilt or circling behavior. Follow-up may include: ©Copyright 1999 - 2021. Nasolacrimal ducts should be flushed in all cases of epiphora or ocular discharge. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and isolation of the organism. can cause gastrointestinal tract problems in rabbits that can be difficult to reverse. All Rights Reserved, Moistened forelimbs from rubbing the eyes and nose, Cytology (microscopic evaluation of cells), DNA probe-based test (PCR) on swabs from the eyes or respiratory tract, DNA probe-based test (PCR) on swabs from affected tissues, Flushing of affected areas with sterile saline. Other potential zoonotic diseases of wild rabbits that have not been identified in the pygmy rabbit are tularaemia, plague, salmonellosis, and campylobacterosis. Antibody detection has been used to screen colonies of rabbits for pasteurellosis. Careful auscultation of the upper (trachea) and lower airways (lungs) can help differentiate between an upper airway obstruction and lung disease in most cases. Prognosis is variable and depends on the bacterial virulence, host response, and therapeutic modality chosen. Eye preparations usually contain one of the above listed antibiotics. should be minimal abdominal effort and no respiratory noises should be heard from a distance. Other bacterial pathogens include Moraxella catarrhalis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Staphylococcus aureus. Rabbits that have an upper respiratory infection should be kept away from other rabbits as it is highly contagious. In general, blood tests are not as helpful in elucidating etiologies but should always be performed for metabolic profiling and the realistic possibility of concurrent disease. Because rabbits are obligate nasal breathers, it may be difficult on initial presentation to determine if a dyspneic rabbit is suffering from upper or lower airway disease. Rabbits do not get "colds". Conjunctivitis is common with upper respiratory tract infection in rabbits and results in epiphora, discharge, and periorbital alopecia. Administer all prescribed medications as directed. If you bring a new rabbit home, isolate it for 2 weeks. The most common cause of upper respiratory disease (URD) in the rabbit is pasteurellosis. Open a banana in the next room and they know. Avoid the use of steroids in the respiratory rabbit and consider antihistamines and bronchodilators if allergies are strongly suspected. Thoracic ultrasound or echocardiography can determine if lung consolidation or abscesses are present, and give important cardiac parameters. The use of antibiotics that induce bacterial dysbiosis (the beta-lactams, and the macrolides e.g.) Rabbits are very prone to stress which can delay healing. Arteriosclerosis and aortic mineralization are not uncommon in geriatric rabbits and may contribute to cardiovascular compromise. Watch for runny eyes, runny nose and dirty front paws in rabbits that clean their face. Bacterial infection can be assumed until otherwise proven, and therapy directed against Pasteurella multocida should be initiated. The most common diseases of rabbits include digestive system problems, respiratory infections, and skin disorders. The best prevention is to not take home a sick bunny and to isolate any bunnies showing symptoms. Never return a rabbit to a rabbitry if she has been exposed to other rabbits. This medicine then becomes vaporized and the affected individual breathes in the fine mist containing the drugs. Respiratory cases can be pre-treated with oxygen and stabilized with fluids and antibiotics for 24 hours prior to diagnostic testing. This sounds simple but it can be difficult to get deep enough into the nose in most rabbits. rabbits. Leave a Reply. Sometimes an antibiotic change can make the difference. As with other antibody tests, paired sera samples taken 3 weeks apart can help in evaluating a rabbit's immunoglobulin response. Rabbits often develop signs of respiratory disease during pregnancy and lactation. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Serodiagnosis of P. multocida can be performed but it has it's limitations and like other serological tests, is subject to interpretation. Rabbit Respiratory System: Clinical A n a t o m y, P h y s i o l o g y and Disease Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney, DVM, DABVP (Avian), a, DABVP (Exotic Companion Mammal) *, b Susan E. Orosz, PhD, DVM, DABVP (Avian), DECZM (Avian) KEYWORDS Rabbit Respiratory system Olfactory system Pasteurellosis Staphylococcosis Neoplasia The nostrils of rabbits contain sensory pads at the entrance, making the … The disease is contagious through respiratory contact and body secretion, e.g. This system is most often involved. These ducts can be flushed and unblocked in some rabbits but, in long-standing cases, these ducts can be permanently obstructed. ";s:7:"keyword";s:26:"rabbit respiratory disease";s:5:"links";s:1286:"Metalcore Breakup Songs,
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