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";s:4:"text";s:30538:"Instead, they must learn how to identify and manage AI risks effectively. ����v�Lrt�0`UH������Äw�L�^$]`igpdה\ �b!�Q��� <4t�7� iF�oo�E��w@D �[�endstreamendobj65 0 obj<>endobj66 0 obj<. However, AI poses risks as well as benefits. OpenScholar Password *. Despite notable advances in areas such as data privacy (see “The Privacy Tools Project,” January-February 2017), and clear understanding of the limits of algorithmic fairness, the realization that ethical concerns must in many cases be considered before a system is deployed has led to formal integration of an ethics curriculum—taught by philosophy postdoctoral fellows and graduate students—into many computer-science classes at Harvard. Are they achieving the desired results? Found inside – Page 136On the diversity of the accountability problem - Machine learning and knowledge ... Harvard Magazine, 116(4), 30–35. ... Harvard Law Review, 126, 1880–1893. As such the ethics behind creating such powerful and potentially life . [] Such goals immediately ensure that AI is a discipline of considerable interest to many . Posted by Vivek Katyal, Cory Liepold, and Satish Iyengar, Deloitte & Touche LLP, on, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance, on Artificial Intelligence and Ethics: An Emerging Area of Board Oversight Responsibility, Self-driving vehicles—Cars or trucks that self-navigate and drive to a selected destination based on dynamic street, Multiple definitions of AI and related terms across the organization and its ecosystem, Limited focus or alignment of AI purpose to the company’s mission and values, AI is deployed for narrow objectives without considering a broader aperture of how it can change the business for better, Development of AI happens in an ad-hoc manner with limited standards or guardrails, Data for AI design and development is acquired or used without any checks or testing for bias or authenticity, AI is developed with a sole or primary focus on improving efficiency, Outcomes of AI systems are not monitored for alignment with intended objectives, Screening/identifying right candidates for the job, Screening of customers for credit product applications, Identifying appropriate products for cross-/up-selling to customers, Cyber-snooping and black-box concerns (AI explainability). Harvard Art Museums, Richard and Ronay Menschel Fund for the Acquisition of Photographs, 2021.19. But in order to fully realize the technology's enormous potential, chief marketing officers . An expert system functions by virtue of its information, its inferential rules, and its decision criteria, each of which may be problematic. Ethical concerns about these advances focus at one extreme on the use of AI in deadly military drones, or on the risk that AI could take down global financial systems. Artificial Intelligence (AI) will likely be at the forefront of data- driven scenario planning given its ability to deal with large volumes and varieties of data to match the velocity of a rapidly changing landscape. She is considered an architect of the AI subfield devoted to how computers generate and interpret human speech and text—she won the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association for Computational Linguistics in 2017—and can rattle off a litany of ways that language-capable systems such as Alexa, Siri, and Google fall short. Harvard Design Magazine Issue No. Any such decision effectively draws a line—and as Dwork pointed out, there will always be two individuals from different groups close to the line, one on either side, who are very similar to each other in almost every way. AI is also increasing the impact of data risks and generating new risks, such as those from unintended consequences. Many of us experience AI on a daily basis—for example, when we have to contend with a service provider’s automated answering system to reach someone or obtain information. Artificial Intelligence and Ethics - Harvard Magazine. Found inside – Page 231Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2009, no. ... In Robot Ethics 2.0: From Autonomous Cars to Artificial Intelligence, edited by Patrick Lin, ... James Stock, newly appointed vice provost for climate and sustainability, A summary of current work—and an important new appointment. The neural network detected 95 percent of the melanomas and 82.5 percent of the moles. President Bacow and Harvard College Dean Khurana welcome the Class of 2025 and, for the first time in-person, the Class of 2024. Found inside – Page 42LaChat M. R. (1986) “Artificial intelligence and ethics: an exercise in moral imagination.” AI Magazine. Vol. 7, No. 2, 1986, pp. 70–79 “The DAO of accrue”. Summary. Genetics. AN ACRONYM FREE INTRODUCTION . Introduction The unprecedented situation the entire world finds itself in due to the COVID-19 pandemic presents fundamental challenges to businesses of all sizes and maturities. The field of artificial intelligence is commonly agreed upon to originate at a 1956 conference held at Dartmouth University. The company testing the car’s capabilities? This incident, like others involving interactions . Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, ethics, innovation. Jason Stansbury. Artificial intelligence is the programming of computers to do tasks that would normally require human intelligence. 64 0 obj<>endobj 93 0 obj<>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<1A3C7D48E66F4284A85F1FE45C7CE3BF><5FD38CD53C324FB2B078292A31C6FAB6>]/Index[64 50]/Info 63 0 R/Length 130/Prev 771179/Root 65 0 R/Size 114/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream But in machine-learning systems, the algorithm itself (the step-by-step procedure for solving a particular problem) constitutes only one part of the system. Found inside – Page 6References 1 The evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) 1.1 Human intelligence. [1] Christensen C. Disruptive innovation. Harvard Business Review; 2012. This post is based on a Deloitte memorandum by Mr. Katyal, Mr. Cory Liepold, Mr. Iyengar, Nitin Mittal, and Irfan Saif. Found inside... C., Smith, M. and Zients, J. (2016) 'Artificial intelligence, automation, and the economy', ... Moore, J. (2005) 'Upwardly immobile', Harvard Magazine, ... Artificial Intelligence for beginners: You will learn a modern approach to artificial intelligence, the basics of AI and how to put it into practice in your everyday life. Bias based on past hiring trends, discriminatory data sets, etc. They don’t exist in a vacuum, as instrumental tools that sometimes are good, sometimes are bad. Found insideThe Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 10 (1): 45–62. Ravlic, Tom. ... The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Laws from Around the World. Despite the proliferation of these "AI principles," there has been little scholarly focus on understanding these efforts either individually or . Found inside – Page 315Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 62 (2018): 729-754. ... Competencies, and Strategies,” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 29, no. Does that person or group have adequate and appropriately skilled resources? Forgot your password? The following are just a few of the ethical and governance challenges associated with the use of AI: Having a common framework and lens to apply the governance and management of risks associated with AI consistently across the enterprise can allow for faster, and more consistent adoption of AI. They interspersed into the course's technical content a series of real-life ethical conundrums and the relevant philosophical theories necessary to evaluate them. h�bbd```b``.�� ��D Students in Zittrain’s class thought they knew how the discussion about autonomous vehicles would unfold. It looks as though there is a paucity of responsibility”—whereas in fact, “there’s a surfeit of responsibility.” The manufacturers, the AI designers, the policymakers, and the driver could all be held accountable. Dr. Jason M. Stansbury is the James and Judith Chambery Chair for the Study of Ethics in Business at Calvin College. Artificial Intelligence and Pro-Social Behaviour - Joanna Bryson In the fall of 2015, she introduced a new course, “Intelligent Systems Design and Ethical Challenges.” By the following year, more than 140 students had applied for the 25 spots in the class, emboldening her to encourage her computer-science colleagues to incorporate some teaching of ethics into their own courses. Found inside – Page 253Quoted in Jonathan Shaw, “Artificial Intelligence and Ethics: Ethics and the Dawn of Decision- Making Machines,” Harvard Magazine, January- February 2019, ... Special Report. community. Digital technologies such as artificial intelligence and robotics allow companies to create more effective codes of business conduct, says Eugene Soltes. Will Wilson, Diné (b. San Francisco 1969), "Auto Immune Response: Confluence of Three Generations," 2015. Real speech, she points out, is full of digressions and shifts of focus, citing a notable example: her recording of the spontaneous dialogue as one person tries to tell another via teletype how to assemble an air compressor. As the thinking shifts from crisis response to recovery, it is clear that there will be a greater need for scenario planning in a world remade by COVID-19. The persistence of a giant storm on Jupiter—the planet’s iconic red spot—has perplexed scientists for generations. Precise answers are also challenged by imprecise usages of the term "AI." As is typical of many aspects of technology, AI offers numerous benefits, including speed, consistency, and reduced labor costs. On March 18, 2018, at around 10 p.m., Elaine Herzberg was wheeling her bicycle across a street in Tempe, Arizona, when she was struck and killed by a self-driving car. Found inside – Page 722The ethics of vaccination nudges in pediatric practice. ... Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/yourphone-knows-how-you- ... For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746. properly and fairly in even the most mundane applications. Found inside – Page 308Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ... military-robots-ethics-opinions-contributors-artificialintelligence-09-patrick-lin.html Lin, P. (2011, ... Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning as Business Tools: A Framework for Diagnosing Value Destruction Potential . an autonomous system—artificial intelligence—was in full control. Harvard Magazine , January-February 2019, 44-74. A few of the conference attendees were able to follow along. But when she asked if anyone in the audience could describe in words why they had reached the answer they did, no one responded. This quote from Harvard Business Review hits the nail on the head: "There is often an assumption that technology is neutral, but the . Found inside – Page 180“A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955.” AI Magazine 27:4 (2006) 12. System complexity, when thousands or more variables are in play, can make true understanding almost impossible, and biases in the datasets on which learning systems rely can easily become reinforced. Executive Director. %PDF-1.6%���� Danielle Allen: What Do COVID-19 and Extreme Inequality Mean for American Democracy? Further Articles on Artificial Intelligence and Ethics: Why Technology Favors Tyranny Artificial intelligence could erase many practical advantages of democracy, and erode the ideals of liberty and equality. And she has come to believe, during the course of a long career, that the best of use of AI involves integrating such systems with human teams. Although there was a human operator behind the wheel, an autonomous system—artificial intelligence—was in full control. Appropriate oversight by and guidance from the board can help to identify, assess, and manage these risks. Student Essay Galina Gheihman. He writes about how a self-driving car killed . On the freeway in front of us was a truck, with a porta-potty on the back, and a bicycle attached to the porta-potty. Image courtesy of the Pardis Sabeti Lab and Cell/DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.028. Some examples of how AI can be used, and the ethical and related factors arising from its use, are outlined below. . 5.75K subscribers. But when he posed a very simple question—“Should the driver be able to instruct the car to go 80 miles per hour?”—they were confronted with a designer’s moral dilemmas. Don't have a Harvard Magazine account? Nitesh Chawla. This semester, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are jointly offering a new course on the ethics and regulation of artificial intelligence. Customer-focused businesses can be faced with customer frustration or alienation if customer experiences incorporating AI do not perform as expected, such as experiencing session disruptions or nonmeaningful responses to unique and/or sensitive customer questions. At the Berkman Klein Center and MIT’s Media Lab, he and his colleagues have created a group called “Assembly” that brings software developers from outside companies in on sabbatical to work with students and one another for a couple of months on some of these puzzles in AI and other data-science fields. Report Copyright Infringement, Auto Immune Response: Confluence of Three Generations, Photograph by Eliza Grinnell/SEAS Communications. " Artificial Intelligence and Ethics." Harvard Magazine. What if there were a million variables? What is our approach to AI governance? Other matters associated with AI ethical risk oversight include where responsibility for such oversight resides. Nicolas Economou is the chief executive of H5. It is sometimes divided into a concern with the moral behavior of humans as they design, make, use and treat artificially intelligent systems, and a concern with the behavior of machines, in machine ethics.It also includes the issue of a possible singularity due to . 11 Shaw, Jonathan (2019), Artificial intelligence and Ethics. “The understandable initial premise [with autonomous vehicles] is that, gosh, there’s no driver, and we can’t blame an inanimate object like a car. "The artificial intelligence is new for us," said Cynthia Bradley, PhD, RN, CNE, CHSE, director of simulation. What moral obligations did the system’s programmers have to prevent their creation from taking a human life? Artificial Intelligence lacks common sense and the ability to reason—even if it can also make incredible discoveries that no human could, such as detecting third- or higher-order interactions (when three or more variables must interact in order to have an effect) in complex biological . Found inside – Page 358Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2018/07/ ... The moral machine experiment. ... Artificial intelligence: the next digital frontier? The inputs are: ICML (International Conference on Machine Learning); 2017; Australia; kangaroo; and sunny. Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University July 8, 2020 . Do we have adequate skill sets on the board or management team to properly oversee the use of AI? 1 INTRODUCTION. But technology isn't the only solution. 8. Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. Recent advancements in robotics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and sensors now enable machines to automate activities that once seemed safe from disruption-including tasks that rely on higher-level thinking, learning, tacit judgment, emotion sensing, and even disease detection. Expert systems, as knowledge-based information systems, attempt to achieve expert-level results in problem solving. Seven Harvard Affiliates Named HHMI Investigators, Penny Pritzker Gives $100 Million for New Economics Facility, President Bacow Reviews Harvard Climate Actions, Convocation Welcomes Classes of 2024 and 2025 to Campus, Harvard Art Museums To Require Vaccination or Negative COVID Test. How can AI impact our business now and in the future? The increasing adoption of AI and robots has implications for jobs, biases, and data privacy. As with many other aspects of technology, AI is becoming indispensable to companies that are focused on long-term growth and value generation. ), a collaboration between the MIT Media Lab and Harvard U.'s Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society to develop ethical artificial intelligence to serve humanity: 2018: Stephen Schwarzman, co-founder of the Blackstone Group investment firm: New York: $5 million Computer scientists have perceived sooner than others that engineering can’t always address such problems post hoc, after a system has been designed. First, strategy and risk are among the key areas of board oversight. Found inside – Page 56Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence Courses. AI Magazine, 38(2), 22–34. doi:10.1609/aimag.v38i2.2731 Caneva, C. (2018). L'intelligence ... He has taught at the University of Toronto and has published articles in Domus and Log, among other journals. But such applications raise troubling ethical issues because AI systems can reinforce what they have learned from real-world data, even amplifying familiar risks, such as racial or gender bias. As Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies rapidly progress, questions about the ethics of AI, in both the near-future and the long-term, become more pressing than ever. Chen works in social computing, an area of data science that emphasizes the effect of human behavior on inputs to algorithms. And the situation becomes more complex if the vehicle’s AI system dynamically changes its behavior as it “learns” from experiences on the road, Zittrain points out. The rapid spread of artificial intelligence (AI) systems has precipitated a rise in ethical and human rights-based frameworks intended to guide the development and use of these technologies. The University of Virginia’s report is suggestive. Understanding speaker intention, in order to determine the structure of a dialogue and thus to decipher meaning in human speech, was one key strategy she pioneered. Found inside – Page 1195TECHNOLUUT Journal of Infor Journal of Infor Journal of Intell Journal of Intel ... Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence Journal of ... Found inside – Page 101Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 29(2), 353–400. ... Artificial intelligence and ethics: Beyond engineering at the dawn of decision-making machines. Found insideCarnegie Mellon Magazine 10, no. ... In Artificial Intelligence and Ethics: Papers from the 2015 AAAI Workshop. ... Harvard Psychological Review 3, no. Found inside – Page 356Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Lin, Patrick, Ryan Jenkins, and Keith Abney. 2017. And so timeless. Even if computers can distinguish bikes from trucks from porta-potties, they have difficulty recognizing how they might have been joined together to travel down the freeway, with the bicycle sideways, at 60 miles an hour. And as more and more enterprises use AI, and the use of AI expands into new areas, companies may find it increasingly important to use AI to avoid the competitive disadvantages of not using it. Innovation Ekaterina Pesheva and Ann Marie Menting. “You’re a real prince” might be said literally or sarcastically, in ways that a computer must be taught to understand. The joint effort will also tie in to work at Harvard that predates it, such as computer science professor Barbara Grosz's pioneering class and research on artificial intelligence and exploration of ethics alongside computer science, and Harvard Law Lecturer Bonnie Docherty's ('01) research supporting a pre-emptive ban on fully autonomous . It’s really thinking at a broader level about how people and technologies should be interacting.” Can they be accountable? © Will Wilson; image courtesy of the artist. Found inside – Page 221The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/ ... Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvn5txpc Douglas, P. H. (1930). She envisions a future that combines the speed and statistical prowess of intelligent computers with innate human talents, not one that pits machines and humans against each other—the way the relationship is often framed in descriptions of AI systems beating world champions in chess and go, or replacing people in the workplace. Rebecca Henderson: Does Capitalism Need to be Reimagined? Back in stride: After two years away, Harvard junior Aaron Shampklin (20) singed Georgetown defenders such as Jonathan Honore for 186 yards and two touchdowns. Found inside – Page 365Programming Machine Ethics. Springer. Pinker, Stewen. 1998. How the Mind Works. Penguin Press. Raso, Filippo, et al. 2018. Artificial Intelligence and Human ... AI, Robots, and Ethics in the Age of COVID-19. Of course, there are a number of risks that are ethical in nature. Consider a prosaic-seeming social change: machines are already being given the power to make life-altering, everyday decisions about people. Artificial Intelligence […] "Artificial intelligence," "machine learning," and "discriminatory algorithms" can seem like daunting concepts, which leads people to shy away from the topic altogether. A uniquely interdisciplinary lab has developed a new technique to deliver targeted gene therapies. . AI Magazine,vol.19,no.2,1998,p.136. The ethical use of data in artificial intelligence. The Challenge. Artificial Intelligence: The Basics is a concise and cutting-edge introduction to the fast moving world of AI. In that particular case, a human was in the car, but "artificial intelligence was in full control." Artificial intelligence could become an invaluable tool for organizing and making accessible large collections of information. Because most of them lacked sufficient background to be comfortable teaching ethics, she began a collaboration with Wolcott professor of philosophy Alison Simmons, who chairs the philosophy department. Harvard Art Museums exhibition explores the American military’s effect on its homeland. Who oversees the use of AI? independent source of news about the Harvard He is a founder of the Cambridge Centre for the Study of Existential Risk and philanthropically supports other existential risk research organizations such as the Future of Humanity Institute, the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute and the Machine Intelligence Research Institute. Google's Life Tags project is a searchable archive of Life magazine photographs that used artificial intelligence to attach hundreds of tags to organize the archive. This led to one of Grosz’s most important contributions to the teaching of computer science at Harvard: the idea that ethics should be tightly integrated into every course. When such fundamentals of intelligent-systems design aren’t respected, the systems are assumed to be capable of things they can’t do, or are used in naïve, inappropriate ways. Artificial intelligence can absorb and use vastly more information than human beings are capable of at a dramatically higher speed. By Jonathan Shaw. AI at Google - our principles - Google blog. In the era predating powerful computers and big data, such systems were programmed by humans and followed rules of human invention, but advances in technology have led to the development of new approaches. independent source for Harvard news since Far-reaching discussions about the social impact of AI on the world are taking place among data scientists across the University, as well as in the Ethics and Governance of AI Initiative launched by Harvard Law School’s Berkman Klein Center, together with the MIT Media Lab. Efforts to specify the ethical issues of artificial intelligence (AI) predominantly rely on a principled approach. Developing techniques to extract explanations from arbitrary models—scalable systems with an abitrary number of variables, tasks, and outputs—is the subject of research in her lab. We will cover a variety of issues, including the complex interaction between . Although there was a human operator behind the wheel, an autonomous system—artificial intelligence—was in full control. Vivek Katyal is Chief Operating Officer, Risk and Financial Advisory, and Cory Liepold and Satish Iyengar are Principals, Risk and Financial Advisory, at Deloitte & Touche LLP. Privacy Policy New research on ethics and principles from Harvard Business School faculty on issues including white-collar crime, activist CEOs, and group loyalty. Can they be understood? Then she showed a much more complex decision tree, perhaps 25 layers deep, with five new parameters determining the path down through the tree to the correct answer—an easy task for a computer. (Well into the conversation, one speaker uses the pronoun “it” to refer to an object that has not been mentioned for half an hour—and both people understand exactly what is meant.) Found inside – Page 6Artificial Intelligence and Human Cognition in Clinical Medicine and Healthcare ... such as quality of life, safety, ethics, diversity, and inevitably cost. Time Magazine AI Apocalypse: Unabated use of AI, without built-in constraint, poses . I think that that’s a particularly naïve way of thinking of technology.”, Whether the technology is meant to provide facial recognition to identify crime suspects from video footage, or education tailored to different learning styles, or medical advice, Hu stresses, “What we need to think about is how technologies embed particular values and assumptions. On March 18, 2018, at around 10 p.m., Elaine Herzberg was wheeling her bicycle across a street in Tempe, Arizona, when she was struck and killed by a self-driving car.Although there was a human operator behind the wheel, an autonomous system—artificial intelligence—was in full control. Browse the latest online ethics courses from Harvard University, including " Bioethics: The Law, Medicine, and Ethics of Reproductive Technologies and Genetics" and "The Path to Happiness: What Chinese Philosophy Teaches Us about the Good Life." In an AI system that makes automated loan decisions, the algorithm component can be unbiased and completely fair with respect to each group, and yet the overall result, after the algorithm has learned from the data, may not be. From Amazon's voice-activated Alexa to writing technology that helps managers craft job postings, it's in . Yet even after a first wave of responses coalesced around Ethical AI principles (Hickok, 2021), a second wave cultivated Ethical AI technical tools, and now a third wave is motivating litigation and advocacy (), published Ethical AI principles and technical tools still have limited impact on the daily practices of AI users . Jason has served the Society on the selection committee for the Best Paper of 2008 in . Lyon rides on a special tandem bicycle with his son, Joshua. America’s unfulfilled promise of “equal justice under law”. How far is up in a year of robust investment returns? Photograph by Zak Jensen; © President and Fellows of Harvard College. In addition, boards will increasingly be called upon to address an emerging area of oversight responsibility at the intersection of AI and ethics. Jonathan Shaw, managing editor, Harvard Magazine, wrote earlier this year: "Artificial intelligence can aggregate and assess vast quantities of data that are sometimes beyond human capacity to analyze unaided, thereby enabling AI to make hiring recommendations, determine in seconds the creditworthiness of loan applicants, and predict the chances that criminals will re-offend." Found insideArtificial Intelligence, Animal and Environmental Law Joshua C. Gellers ... Journal of Design and Science, 3, 5. doi:10.21428/bfafd97b. 124 Mount Auburn Street Suite 520N Cambridge, MA 02138: ethics@harvard.edu p: 617.495.1336 f: 617.496.6104 Together, they worked with colleagues in their respective fields, enlisting CS professors willing to include ethics modules in their computer-science courses and philosophy graduate students to teach them. Found insideWriting with clarity and passion, leading AI researcher Melanie Mitchell offers a captivating account of modern-day artificial intelligence. 1. This incident, like others involving interactions between people and AI technologies, raises a host of . HBS Digital Initiative. Artificial Intelligence for business: You will find helpful and concise chapters on AI topics, which can be applied to the business. These elements include the following: These and other actions taken to manage AI ethical risks can generally be undertaken as part of an ongoing, integrated risk assessment process conducted by the board, rather than on a separate, stand-alone process. At many firms, the marketing function is rapidly embracing artificial intelligence. Some scientists believe it's 30 years away; others . Jaan Tallinn is a founding engineer of Skype and Kazaa. Enter your Harvard Web Publishing username. Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are digital technologies that will have significant impact on the development of humanity in the near future. Found inside – Page 384From Autonomous Cars to Artificial Intelligence Patrick Lin, Keith Abney, Ryan Jenkins ... “Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber (Part Three). They know where the nearest emergency room is, for example, but not that it might be useful to direct someone with a broken ankle to go there. Does the full board exercise this oversight responsibility, or does it more properly reside within a committee of the board—and, if so, which committee? But Chen and Hu then considered the human element. Namwali SerpellScreenshot by Harvard Magazine. Because her AI work in language predates data-driven approaches to natural language processing (see “Language as a Litmus Test for AI”), Grosz developed a model-based approach to represent human discourse in a way that computers could understand. Though she had taught an introductory course on AI from 1987 to 2001, a time when its application remained largely theoretical, the world had changed by the time she rebooted that course in 2013 and 2014, when fully operational AI systems were being deployed. 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