";s:4:"text";s:29304:"The tomb consists of a large bronze plaque surmounted by a Roman eagle and the arms of the house of Savoy. Both ancient buildings were temples to the Roman gods, but this purpose of the Pantheon was not to last. iMinds will tell you the story behind the place with its innovative travel series, transporting the armchair traveller or getting you ... The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft), so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube (or, a 43.3-m sphere could fit within the interior). The Pantheon in Rome is a true architectural wonder. [2], The building is cylindrical with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns (eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a pediment. Throughout the day, light from the oculus moves around this space in a reverse sundial effect: marking time with light rather than shadow. Moscow, Russia — St Basil's Cathedral was built during the 16th century by Ivan IV or, as he was nicknamed, Ivan the Terrible. [11], Godfrey and Hemsoll point out that ancient authors never refer to Hadrian's Pantheon with the word aedes, as they do with other temples, and the Severan inscription carved on the architrave uses simply "Pantheum". Patheon. Very influential, as the Pantheon is one of the most influential pieces of architecture. The papers cover a wide range of aspects of Hadrian's life and reign, including recent finds and scientific studies and their subsequent history and reception. Although masses are not held on daily basis, the Pantheon is still used as a church to celebrate masses on important Catholic days of obligation and weddings. New York Times Bestseller A New York Times Notable Book Named one of the Best Books of the Year by the Wall Street Journal, the Economist, Foreign Affairs, and Kirkus Reviews Finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award (Nonfiction) ... [74], Andrew J. Ekonomou. Jean Valjean, after spending nineteen years in jail and in the galleys for stealing a loaf of bread to feed his starving family (and for several attempts to escape) is finally released, but his past keeps haunting him. What device is used inside the dome of the Pantheon to lighten its weight? Among those buried in its necropolis are Voltaire, Rousseau, Victor Hugo, Ãmile Zola, Jean Moulin, Louis Braille, Jean Jaurès and Soufflot, its architect. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. "The oldest doors still in use in Rome. [43] The taller porch would have hidden the second pediment visible on the intermediate block. … It is made from several materials, including marble, granite, concrete and brick. The two plaques commemorate Maria Bibbiena and Annibale Carracci. When I start looking in more detail at Roman astronomy, I'll have to keep Hannah's observations on the equinox near the front of my mind. Recounts the life of the second century Roman emperor. What was the Pantheon used for? Reconstructing the story of humanity's past. The Pantheon (meaning "Temple of all the gods") is a building in Rome.It was originally built as a temple to the gods of Ancient Rome, and rebuilt about 126 AD during Hadrian's reign. At midday the sunlight hits the metal grille above the . It has a rectangular floor and is made entirely from marble, with a limestone base. Found inside – Page 33Indeed , he had a thorough con for the exercise it afforded him , in the use of tempt for all our composers at this time , the pedals . [60], Upon entry, visitors are greeted by an enormous rounded room covered by the dome. [7] Cassius Dio, a Roman senator who wrote in Greek, speculated that the name comes either from the statues of many gods placed around this building, or from the resemblance of the dome to the heavens. In 1907 Marcellin Berthelot was buried with his wife Mme Sophie Berthelot. The fact that the Roman Pantheon still stands is equal parts amazing and confusing. Most of the bronze was used to make bombards for the fortification of Castel Sant'Angelo, with the remaining amount used by the Apostolic Camera for various other works. The structure's design and color was modified throughout its history. Traditionally thought to have been designed as a temple for Roman gods, the structure’s name is derived from the Greek words pan, meaning “all,” and theos, meaning “gods.” The original Pantheon was destroyed in a fire around 80 A.D. Temple dedicated to all gods of Pagan Rome it was later converted to Christian use. … Today, the Pantheon continues to function as a church, as well as a major tourist destination. On Sundays from 9 am until 6 pm. Looking at the time the emperors gave orders for constructions of the two buildings, it is evident that the Coliseum was built earlier than the Pantheon, and both buildings count over 1,900 years of their existence. In 1747, the broad frieze below the dome with its false windows was "restored," but bore little resemblance to the original. One can wonder why the architect used a dome. This Pantheon⦠is not the original! As a result, the interior decorative zones do not line up. The golden lamp above the tomb burns in honor of Victor Emmanuel III, who died in exile in 1947. It is currently not possible to swap spirits on the mobile browser. It was moved to the Chapel of the Annunciation, and then to its present position sometime after 1837. On the first niche to the left of the entrance is an Assumption (1638) by Andrea Camassei. Its use as a Catholic church is a big reason why the Pantheon remains in excellent condition nearly 2000 years after it was first constructed. From Monday to Saturday it opens its doors from 9 am to 7:30 pm. Ancient sources mention that statues inside the Pantheon included Julius Caesar, Venus, and Mars, as well as Augustus and Agrippa outside it. A competition was held to decide which architect should design it. For women – no bare shoulders! The Pantheon is a circular building with a portico supported granite Corinthian columns. This building was very influential during the Renaissance, and is one of the most popular sites for tourists (and locals) today. The Pantheon that we see in Rome today is not the first to stand in this spot in the Campus Martius in ancient Rome. The top of the rotunda wall features a series of brick relieving arches, visible on the outside and built into the mass of the brickwork. by statesman Marcus Agrippa, and is thought to have been designed as a temple for Roman gods. The dome was the largest in the world for 1300 years and until today it remains the largest unsupported dome in the world! The Panthéon, Paris. Two kings of Italy are buried in the Pantheon: Vittorio Emanuele II and Umberto I, as well as Umberto's Queen, Margherita. For this, Hugo labelled him a traitor to his country. Still an active church, this architectural marvel continues to . History of The Pantheon in Paris The Pantheon is located in the Latin Quarter of Paris and over the years has become a famous burial place with many famous and influential people having been entombed here, but it is far more than that, as it was one of the most important architectural achievements of its time and is one of the great neoclassical monuments in Paris today. When Christianity emerged as a faith, the Pantheon was consecrated as a church. The Roman Pantheon is the monument with the greatest number of records: the best preserved, with the biggest brick dome in the history of architecture and is considered the forerunner of all modern places of worship. For both men and women, bottoms that go beyond the knee. Slotting a spirit costs one Worship swap. All other extant ancient domes were either designed with tie-rods, chains and banding or have been retrofitted with such devices to prevent collapse. ruled after Hadrian's death 117 - 138 CE. Today a Christian church, the Pantheon is the best preserved of all ancient Roman buildings and has been in near-continuous use since Hadrian's reconstruction.From a distance the Pantheon is not as awe-inspiring as other ancient monuments — the dome appears low, not much higher than surrounding buildings. Architecture of the Pantheon Probably one of the most fascinating features of the Pantheon is the Architecture. The Pantheon was the first pagan temple to become a Catholic church in 609 CE, when its name was changed to Santa Maria ad Martyres, as it remains today. The walls of the pantheon are made of brick-faced concrete which is a material that is used widely by Romans for big buildings(5). The second Pantheon on the site was by Domitian, constructed after the fire of Titus in the Campus Martius. 3. The Pantheon in Rome is a true architectural wonder. What were the innovations of the Roman pantheon? The model of the Hellenic building is evident in the works of the grand masters of the ancient world, such as can be observed in this work. Is the epic of Gilgamesh the oldest story? The Panthéon (French: [pɑ̃.te.ɔ̃], from the Classical Greek word πάνθειον, pántheion, '[temple] to all the gods') is a monument in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France.It stands in the Latin Quarter, atop the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, in the center of the Place du Panthéon, which was named after it.The edifice was built between 1758 and 1790, from designs by Jacques-Germain . At his request, Raphael was buried in the Pantheon. Manfredo Manfredi won the competition, and started work in 1885. The Pantheon is a church, but it used to be a temple. [3], The stresses in the dome were found to be substantially reduced by the use of successively less dense aggregate stones, such as small pots or pieces of pumice, in higher layers of the dome. Found inside – Page 263( 6 ) All these were not used for every facrifice , 7 ) This was called libatio . 3 between between the horns . After this the priest plucked off Α Ρ Ρ Ε Ν ... The Pantheon (UK: /ˈpænθiən/, US: /-ɒn/;[1] Latin: Pantheum,[nb 1] from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheion, "[temple] of all the gods") is a former Roman temple and since the year 609 a Catholic church (Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres or Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs), in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). Dress casual,comfortable shoes for walking,hiking,Acropolis has slipery marble stones in some areas,you can wear shorts with polo or simple t shirts,evening a pair of jeans or cotton trousers and a polo shirt or short sleeve shirt is normal. From him we know that "the capitals, too, of the pillars, which were placed by M. Agrippa in the Pantheon, are made of Syracusan bronze",[23] that "the Pantheon of Agrippa has been decorated by Diogenes of Athens, and the Caryatides, by him, which form the columns of that temple, are looked upon as masterpieces of excellence: the same, too, with the statues that are placed upon the roof,"[24] and that one of Cleopatra's pearls was cut in half so that each half "might serve as pendants for the ears of Venus, in the Pantheon at Rome". You are not allowed to walk onto the Parthenon but you can walk around the entire circumference of it. The sarcophagus was given by Pope Gregory XVI, and its inscription reads ILLE HIC EST RAPHAEL TIMUIT QUO SOSPITE VINCI / RERUM MAGNA PARENS ET MORIENTE MORI, meaning "Here lies Raphael, by whom the great mother of all things (Nature) feared to be overcome while he was living, and while he was dying, herself to die". 2 But the Ward-Perkins's period is disputed by, Lugli who said the building was started sometime after 123 A.D. and was finished by Emperor Pius about 140 A.D. 3 However, most of the bricks were made and placed in the Pantheon in . At the very top, where the dome would be at its weakest and vulnerable to collapse, the oculus actually lightens the load. Each zone of the interior, from floor to ceiling, is subdivided according to a different scheme. The building of the Pantheon would have been a huge undertaking. The other kind of dome was the Tumulus mound. Mark and Hutchison estimated that, if normal weight concrete had been used throughout, the stresses in the arch would have been some 80% greater. It has a rectangular floor and is made entirely from marble, with a limestone base. These burial mounds were dug all around the world from the earliest of times and reached all scales of size.The interior of the Tholos was domed, while the exterior of the Tumulus was domed. [68], The dome photographed with a fisheye lens in 2016, South east view of the Pantheon from Piazza della Minerva, 2006, The dome of the Pantheon seen from the hill of Janiculum, Tomb of King Victor Emmanuel II, "Father of his Country", As the best-preserved example of an Ancient Roman monumental building, the Pantheon has been enormously influential in Western architecture from at least the Renaissance on;[69] starting with Brunelleschi's 42-metre (138 ft) dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, completed in 1436. Pope Urban VIII (1623 to 1644) ordered the bronze ceiling of the Pantheon's portico melted down. When the Pantheon was built the only source of light was the oculus in the centre of the dome. … Slaves and foreigners worked together with the Athenian citizens in the building of the Parthenon, doing the same jobs for the same pay. The Pantheon demonstrates true quality of design and construction and today is the main structure still intact. [49] These were thought to be a 15th-century replacement for the original, mainly because they were deemed by contemporary architects to be too small for the door frames. The present design is by Giuseppe Sacconi, completed after his death by his pupil Guido Cirilli. The Pantheon The Pantheon boasted the worlds largest dome when it was built. The Pantheon you see today is the third rendition of the "church of every god" that had been adapted and modified through the centuries. … So Henry Bacon built the structure to represent the birth place of democracy. Described as the "sphinx of the Campus Martius"—referring to enigmas presented by its appearance and history, and to the location in Rome where it was built—to visit it today is to be almost transported back to the Roman Empire itself. Originally, the Pantheon was a Roman temple dedicated to worshipping the planetary gods (the Sun, the Moon, Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, Mercury and Mars) in Roman times. What does "Pantheon" mean. The wooden crucifix on the altar is from the 15th century. Found inside – Page 215She was named Dictynna , not only from the 6 nets , which she used for she was an huntress , and the princess of hunters ; for which reason all woods were ... [56] The oculus at the dome's apex and the entry door are the only natural sources of light in the interior. [66], Circles and squares form the unifying theme of the interior design. Romans were preoccupied with symmetry and space. The Pantheon refers to a former temple in ancient Rome which was started in 27 BC, by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (the mighty vice of Augustus). A player can only have one major and one . Found inside – Page 51... as language rather improper to be used for the confideration of the bill first brought to Parliament , particularly at a period when into Parliament ... The marble floor, which features a design consisting of a series of geometric patterns, is still the ancient Roman original. Thus, the Pantheon symbolizes his attempt to combine both cultures' architectural styles in one building. 1. This icon of classical architecture perched atop the Acropolis has dominated the Athens skyline for 2,500 years. It was rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated c. 126 AD. Poet, novelist, and dramatist Victor Hugo is considered the most important of the French Romantic writers. [52], No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon; however, Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya, which gave a compressive strength of 20 MPa (2,900 psi). For the first emperor of Rome, these connections to the gods would have been personal. Orginally constructed by Marcus Agrippa between 27 BC - 14 AD. On coins, the same words, "M. Agrippa L.f cos. tertium", were the ones used to refer to him after his death; consul tertium serving as "a sort of posthumous cognomen ex virtute, a remembrance of the fact that, of all the men of his generation apart from Augustus himself, he was the only one to hold the consulship thrice. The first niche to the right of the entrance holds a Madonna of the Girdle and St Nicholas of Bari (1686) painted by an unknown artist. Nevertheless, it became a standard exemplar when classical styles were revived, and has been copied many times by later architects. - use of material decreases to make the oculus, the only light source in the whole room. What is the practical function of the decorative panels . While both were built to honor gods, the Parthenon was built to honor Athena and the Pantheon was built to honor all of the Greek gods. The Historia Augusta says that Hadrian dedicated the Pantheon (among other buildings) in the name of the original builder (Hadr. [44] This substitution was probably a result of logistical difficulties at some stage in the construction. These powers grant defensive bonuses and become available when players defeat certain gods in Acts 6 through 10. The Parthenon is the centerpiece of the Acropolis. The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor. The Pantheon is a minigame added on July 15 2017, version 2.0034. "[22], The only passages referring to the decoration of the Agrippan Pantheon written by an eyewitness are in Pliny the Elder's Natural History. Lexington books, Toronto, 2007, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCinti2007 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWilson-Jones2000 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRoss2000 (, Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism, M[arcus] Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug[ustus], S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine, National Institute of Honour Guards to the Royal Tombs, List of the oldest buildings in the world, "Nuova guida metodica di Roma e suoi contorni – Parte Terza ("New methodic guide to Rome and its suburbs – Third Part")", Another view of the interior by Panini (1735), Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna, "Pantheon, The ruins and excavations of ancient Rome", "Hooping as an Ancient Remedy for Conservation of Large Masonry Domes", Official webpage from Vicariate of Rome website, Tomás García Salgado, "The geometry of the Pantheon's vault", Panoramic Virtual Tour inside the Pantheon, Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province of Rome, Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum, Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantheon,_Rome&oldid=1037125711, 2nd-century religious buildings and structures, Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome, Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches, Buildings converted to Catholic church buildings, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Articles containing Italian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of, This page was last edited on 4 August 2021, at 17:20. The Pantheon is situated on the site of an earlier structure of the same name, built around 25 B.C. On the right wall is the Incredulity of St Thomas (1633) by Pietro Paolo Bonzi. Hugo is considered to be one of the greatest and best-known French writers. The thickness of the dome varies from 6.4 metres (21 ft) at the base of the dome to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) around the oculus. Dio appears to be the only near-contemporaneous writer to mention the Pantheon. [70], Among the most notable versions are the church of Santa Maria Assunta (1664) in Ariccia by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, which followed his work restoring the Roman original,[71] Belle Isle House (1774) in England and Thomas Jefferson's library at the University of Virginia, The Rotunda (1817–1826). It is unlocked by spending one sugar lump to upgrade Temples to level 1. "[12], Since the French Revolution, when the church of Sainte-Geneviève in Paris was deconsecrated and turned into the secular monument called the Panthéon of Paris, the generic term pantheon has sometimes been applied to other buildings in which illustrious dead are honoured or buried. Designed for use by all professionals involved or interested in the preservation of monuments, the purpose of this book is to contribute to the development of new approaches in the area. It is also known as the Madonna of the Railing, because it originally hung in the niche on the left-hand side of the portico, where it was protected by a railing. Among those buried there are the painters Raphael and Annibale Carracci, the composer Arcangelo Corelli, and the architect Baldassare Peruzzi. Masses are celebrated there on Sundays and holy days of obligation. Around the 7th century A.D., the pantheon was turned into a church. However, Paul the Deacon records the spoliation of the building by the Emperor Constans II, who visited Rome in July 663: Remaining at Rome twelve days he pulled down everything that in ancient times had been made of metal for the ornament of the city, to such an extent that he even stripped off the roof of the church [of the blessed Mary], which at one time was called the Pantheon, and had been founded in honour of all the gods and was now by the consent of the former rulers the place of all the martyrs; and he took away from there the bronze tiles and sent them with all the other ornaments to Constantinople. Found inside – Page 252His Name Februus comes from the old Word Fec bruo , to purge by Sacrifice , because Purgations and Luftrations were used at Funerals ; whence the Month of ... Even if the Pantheon was not used as Hannah describes, the rest of his book makes a strong case that the use of astronomy in society hasn't received the critical attention that it should. Figure 12 shows one side of the pantheon the arches inside the walls are distributed throughout the structure. The Pantheon, the most complete ancient building in Rome, was built as a temple to all of the gods who were worshiped at the time. The original Pantheon was built by Agrippa, Augustus' most successful general, in 27 BC. Cassius Dio, a Graeco-Roman senator, consul and author of a comprehensive History of Rome, writing approximately 75 years after the Pantheon's reconstruction, mistakenly attributed the domed building to Agrippa rather than Hadrian. We also hear of an imperial edict being read out in Pantheo in 368 or 370 AD. Each door is solid bronze seven and a half feet wide & twenty-five feet high, yet so well balanced they can be pushed or pulled open easily by one person. is a much grander use of the brick ribs than The Pantheon was obviously built after the at the latrine, but the latrine was clearly the great ad 79 explosion that destroyed Pompeii, practice ground for what was to come at the but the scoria seems to have been an export Pantheon. In Hadrian: The Restless Emperor, Anthony Birley brings together the new evidence from inscriptions and papyri, and up-to-date and in-depth examination of the work of other scholars on aspects of Hadrian's reign and policies such as the ... The Pantheon is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the Roman state religion, but which has been a Christian church since the 7th century. by statesman Marcus Agrippa, and is thought to have been designed as a temple for Roman gods. The Roman Pantheon is the result of a combination of influences, a major one being Ancient Greek, especially through the use of the Corinthian order for all the columns, but few ancient buildings have been as influential as the Pantheon itself. Was it just because it is the best way to make a lasting roof on a cylinder without supporting columns? Over 2000 years. In the second chapel is the tomb of King Victor Emmanuel II (died 1878). Flavian Amphitheater is a different name used to refer to the Coliseum, whose construction was under the orders of Emperor Vespasian. [39] The only other loss has been the external sculptures, which adorned the pediment above Agrippa's inscription. Which is older the Pantheon or the Colosseum. Found inside – Page 1This compilation, translated by S.P. Scott into English, and formatted into Three volumes, contains: The Twelve Tables, The Institutes of Gaius, The Rules of Ulpian, The Opinions of Paulus, The Enactments of Justinian, and The Constitutions ... The bust on the left is a portrait of Baldassare Peruzzi, derived from a plaster portrait by Giovanni Duprè. The only definite pantheon recorded earlier than Agrippa's was at Antioch in Syria, though it is only mentioned by a sixth-century source. The institution still exists, and is now called the Academia Ponteficia di Belle Arti (The Pontifical Academy of Fine Arts), based in the palace of the Cancelleria. Wikipedia Pantheon article. That said, because we feel it's important that classes fulfill distinct roles, creating . … Obviously being open to the elements means it also rains inside the Pantheon but a gently sloping floor and 22 well-hidden holes help the water to drain away. The frieze has allegorical representations of Generosity, by Eugenio Maccagnani, and Munificence, by Arnaldo Zocchi. There is a reduced fee for EU-citizens aged between 18 and 25. [9] In fact, the concept of a pantheon dedicated to all the gods is questionable. Hope it helps ;)Link used:https://pathofexile.gamepedia.com/T. The Pantheon is the oldest building in the world that's still in use today. Domitian rebuilt the Pantheon, which was burnt again in 110 AD. The granite and marble columns were imported from Egypt, a land that was part of the Roman Empire. . The word Pantheon is a Greek adjective meaning "honor all Gods." In fact, the pantheon was first built as a temple to all gods. 118 A.D. How many years has the Pantheon remained standing? A clever lighting trick is played out on 21 April, the founding date of Rome. At its thickest point, the aggregate is travertine, then terracotta tiles, then at the very top, tufa and pumice, both porous light stones. The Pantheon exists today in such amazing form because the Byzantine emperor Phocas gave it to Pope Boniface the IV in A.D 608 and it was used as a church ever since. In fact, the Pantheon continues to serve as an important Catholic Church to this day. What is the practical function of the decorative panels . Each was 11.9 metres tall, 1.5 metres in diameter, and 60 tonnes in weight. An empirical relationship gives a tensile strength of 1.47 MPa (213 psi) for this specimen. As we speak today, the Pantheon is a church in Rome, Italy. Its walls are made from brick-faced concrete —an innovation widely used in Rome's major buildings and infrastructure, such as aqueducts —and are lightened with relieving arches and vaults built into the wall mass. The third niche has a sculpture by Il Lorenzone of St Anne and the Blessed Virgin. The altar in the chapel is covered with false marble. Since the Renaissance the Pantheon has been the site of several important burials. [5] The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda. On week-day holidays the Pantheon closes at 1 pm. [10] Ziegler tried to collect evidence of pantheons, but his list consists of simple dedications "to all the gods" or "to the Twelve Gods", which are not necessarily true pantheons in the sense of a temple housing a cult that literally worships all the gods. Pantheon means 'all gods' in Greek, but the exact function of the great edifice is still shrouded in mystery. Certainly the word pantheus or pantheos, could be applicable to individual deities. Dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, the Parthenon sits high atop a compound of temples known as the Acropolis of Athens. [14] Godfrey and Hemsoll maintain that the word Pantheon "need not denote a particular group of gods, or, indeed, even all the gods, since it could well have had other meanings. There are three memorial plaques in the floor, one conmmemorating a Gismonda written in the vernacular. Built in Rome in the 2nd century AD, the Pantheon is a massive concrete building capped by an impressive . It was a rectangular building dedicated to all the Gods of the Greco-Roman According to Claridge, the Pantheon was one of the places where the emperor Hadrian held court. A concrete mixture made out of ash and limestone. Hadrian had the Pantheon rebuilt, and today it is the most preserved building of ancient Rome still in existence. . The dome features sunken panels (coffers), in five rings of 28. The Pantheon is a system of divine powers that players can activate to grant various defensive passive buffs, introduced in the The Fall of Oriath expansion. ";s:7:"keyword";s:31:"what was the pantheon used for?";s:5:"links";s:928:"Veyran, Voice Of Duality Best Deck,
Roots Hummus Foundation,
What Shows Are On Discovery Tonight,
Zelda 2 Palace Theme Midi,
Social Justice Activists List,
True Or False Math Equations,
Ministry Of Wildlife And Forest Conservation Sri Lanka,
Are Vaccine Mandates For Work Legal,
";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}