";s:4:"text";s:3617:"His precautions as to vertical deviation proved unnecessary, however, since measurements show that there was very little error. They were joined to one another with lime mortar. The southern half of the tunnel was dug to larger dimensions than the northern half, which in places is just wide enough for one person to squeeze through. The meanings of the other symbols have not yet been determined.Within the channel, the water was transported in a pipe made from terracotta sections, which were 72 centimetres (28 in) long and 26 centimetres (10 in) in diameter. The tunnel is the second known tunnel in history which was excavated from both ends (Ancient Greek: ἀμφίστομον, romanized: amphistomon, "having two openings"), and the first with a geometry-based approach in doing so.
Only about 500 metres (1,600 ft) of this channel have been excavated, but its total length must have been around 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). In 1971 U. Jantzen, Director of the DAI, succeeded after long preparations to excavate and research the tunnel (1971-1973).No one knows for sure, because no written records exist. The central section of the aqueduct, consists of the “Eupalinos tunnel” within with the water was channeled through clay pipes, parts of which are still visible. Apparently, the subsidence at the spring lowered the level of the water after work had begun, leaving the tunnel too high.
The maximum overburden of the tunnel is ~ 170 m below the summit of the mountain and its elevation is 55m above sea level. A multi-discipline design study was carried out for restoration purposes since parts of the monument suffer stability problems. The tunnel is over 1 km long, roughly 8 feet square, and was dug from both ends to meet up near the middle under the mountain. The top quarter of the pipes was cut open to allow sediment and other detritus to be removed, so that the aqueduct did not silt up. The Eupalinos Tunnel is an engineering feat of outstanding importance since it was the first time in the history of mankind that anyone had ventured to undertake a project of that magnitude with no similar reference. On the west wall, there are letters in alphabetical order at a regular interval of 20.59 metres (67.6 ft), which indicate that this was the basic unit of measurement used by Eupalinos (it is one fiftieth of the planned course through the mountain). The depth of the ditch ranged from 4.0m in its northern section to 8.9m in its southern one, to ensure gravitational water flow. The tunnel was hewn out simultaneously from both sides, and two crews of stonemasons, working with hammers and chisels, met with almost no deviation. Debris from this channel was simply dumped in the main tunnel.A number of symbols and letters painted on the wall testify to a wide range of measurements. A break in the pipe near the north entrance of tunnel led to large amounts of mud entering the pipe, which had to be cleared out regularly.In the seventh century AD, when the aqueduct had ceased to operate, the southern section of the tunnel was converted to serve as refuge. Victor Guerin, a French archaeologist who searched for the “great spring” of Herodotus, was the first person who discovered the first 400m of the aqueduct, from the Agiades spring, in 1853. H. J. Kienast calculates that such workers would have been able to dig out 12–15 centimetres (4.7–5.9 in) of stone per day, meaning that the entire tunnel took at least eight years to dig.The floor of the tunnel is nearly horizontal and roughly 3 metres (9.8 ft) above the level of the water at its source. ";s:7:"keyword";s:25:"eupalinos tunnel software";s:5:"links";s:982:"Liam Byrne Law Searchers,
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